Genus_Species Mass_g BMR_kJ_per_h Time Climate Torpor Migration Islands Mountains Flightless Food Reference Struthio_camelus 92400 209.66 Nocturnal tropical No No No No Yes omnivore Withers_1983 Dromaius_novaehollandiae 38900 126.04 Nocturnal temperate No No No No Yes omnivore Maloney_Dawson_1994 Apteryx_owenii 1377 14.21 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_1996 Apteryx_haastii 2529 19.02 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_1996 Apteryx_australis 3137 16.6 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_1996 Nothoprocta_perdicaria 458 6.35 Diurnal temperate No No No Yes No vegetarian Withers_etal_1987 Callipepla_gambelii 126.1 2.72 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_1981 Callipepla_californica 137.1 2.76 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Hudson_Brush_1964 Lagopus_leucurus 326 8.5 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No vegetarian Johnson_1968 Lagopus_mutus 465 9.86 Nocturnal polar No No No Yes No vegetarian Mortensen_Blix_1986 Lagopus_lagopus 658 10.1 Nocturnal polar No No No Yes No vegetarian Mortensen_Blix_1986 Dendrogapus_obscurus 1131 17.85 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No vegetarian Pekins_etal_1992 Tetrao_urogallus 3900 42.92 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Coturnix_chinensis 44.9 1.32 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Roberts_Baudinette_1986 Coturnix_pectoralis 95.8 2.29 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Roberts_Baudinette_1986 Coturnix_coturnix 97 3.21 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Coturnix_japonica 115 3.52 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Alectoris_chukar 475 7.06 Diurnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Marder_Bernstein_1983 Perdix_perdix 501 7.75 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Alectoris_graeca 633 9.12 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Branta_bernicula 1253 21.82 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Daan_etal_1990 Anser_canagicus 2609 32.25 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Chen_caerulescens 2930 27.9 Diurnal polar No Yes No No No vegetarian Boisemena_etal_1992 Anser_anser 3250 39.01 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Cygnus_olor 8538 112.12 Diurnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Bech_1980 Hymenolaimus_malacorhynchos 717.1 11.31 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes Yes No carnivore McNab_2003 Tadorna_variegata 1193.6 12.04 Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2003 Anas_crecca 250 6 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Anas_querquedula 289 8.04 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Anas_nesiotis 371.1 5.94 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_aucklandica 373.1 6.75 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No Yes carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_gracilis 393.7 11.98 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2003 Lophodytes_cucullatus 413.3 7.03 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore McNab_2003 Aythya_nyroca 440 11.78 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Aix_sponsa 448 8.09 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Anas_castanea 483.3 6.86 Diurnal temperate No No No No No omnivore McNab_2003 Aythya_novaeseelandiae 488.4 8.4 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_rhynchotis 508 9.47 Diurnal temperate No No No No No carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_chlorotis 528.8 8.35 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No carnivore McNab_2003 Anas_clypeata 554 13.96 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Aythya_affinus 561.5 10.33 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore McNab_2003 Aythya_fuligula 574 9.73 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Aythya_collaris 681.5 11.84 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore McNab_2003 Anas_acuta 721 15.71 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Anas_penelope 723 10.15 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Anas_strepera 791 22.33 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Aythya_ferina 816 20.94 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Anas_platyrhynchos 1020 14.64 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Netta_rufina 1237 25.56 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Somateria_mollissima 1660 21.99 Diurnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Jenssen_etal_1989 Eudyptula_minor 1100 11.49 Nocturnal temperate No No No No Yes carnivore Baudinette_etal_1986 Eudyptes_chrysocome 2330 21 NA polar No Yes No No Yes carnivore Gavrilov_1977_Brown_1984 Eudyptes_pachyrhynchus 2600 24.92 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No Yes carnivore Drent_Stonehouse_1971 Eudyptes_chrysolophus 3870 31.13 NA temperate No Yes No No Yes carnivore Gavrilov_1977_Brown_1984 Spheniscus_humboldti 3870 34.14 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No Yes carnivore Drent_Stonehouse_1971 Pygoscelis_adeliae 3970 44.04 Diurnal polar No Yes No No Yes carnivore Kooyman_etal_1976 Megadyptes_antipodes 4800 41.45 Nocturnal temperate No No No No Yes carnivore Drent_Stonehouse_1971 Aptenodytes_patagonicus 11080 78.67 NA polar No No No No Yes carnivore Gavrilov_1977 Aptenodytes_forsteri 23370 154.19 Diurnal polar No Yes No No Yes carnivore Pinshow_etal_1976 Phoebetria_fusca 2875 29.79 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Adams_Brown_1984 Diomedea_chrysostoma 3753 30.63 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Adams_Brown_1984 Diomedea_exulans 8130 73.17 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Halobaena_caerulea 191 6.38 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Brown_1988 Pterodroma_mollis 274 6.29 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Adams_Brown_1984 Pterodroma_brevirostris 315 6.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Puffinus_puffinus 367 8.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Pterodroma_macroptera 479 9.71 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_1988 Fulmarus_glacialis 728 13.75 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Procellaria_cinerea 1014 18.04 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Procellaria_aequinoctialis 1287 22.71 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Macronectes_giganteus 4780 48.08 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Brown_Adams_1984 Oceanodroma_furcata 44.6 1.59 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Vleck_Kenagy_1980 Podiceps_nigricollis 317 7.71 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Ellis_Jehl_2003 Egretta_caerulea 290.3 3.59 Diurnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Ellis_1980 Bebulcus_ibis 299.2 4.74 Diurnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No omnivore Ellis_1980 Egretta_tricolor 309 6.12 Diurnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Ellis_1980 Egretta_thula 314 4.89 Diurnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Ellis_1980 Morus_bassanus 2574 44.96 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Phalacrocorax_auritus 1330 19.77 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Hennemann_1983 Phalacrocorax_aristotelis 1619 30.79 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Anhinga_anhinga 1040 11.49 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Hennemann_1983 Daptrius_ater 362 4.32 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wasser_1986 Falco_sparverius 116 2.38 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Falco_tinnunculus 131 2.79 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Falco_subbuteo 208 4.67 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Falco_mexicanus 430 6.99 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Pandion_haliaetus 1495 19.88 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Accipiter_striatus 83 2.52 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Accipiter_nisus 135 3.42 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Ictinia_mississippiensis 232 3.29 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Accipiter_cooperi 452 7.66 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Parabuteo_unicinctus 572 5.07 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Pernis_apivorus 652 8.41 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Buteo_lineatus 658 7.6 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Buteo_buteo 1012 13.52 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Buteo_jamaicensis 1475 11.43 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Aquila_rapax 2398 16.27 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wasser_1986 Atlantisia_rogersi 39.4 0.81 Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No Yes omnivore Ryan_etal_1989 Porzana_cinerea 47.9 1.78 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Crex_crex 96 2.83 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Gallirallus_philippensis 171.7 3.51 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Gallirallus_owstoni 198.8 3.3 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No Yes omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Gallinula_ventralis 309.2 5.81 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Aramides_cajanea 374.3 5.55 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Fulica_atra 412 7.36 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Gallinula_tenebrosa 512.4 8.42 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Gallirallus_australis 813.5 6.58 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No Yes omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Amaurornis_ineptus 856.6 4.83 Nocturnal tropical No No No No Yes omnivore McNab_Ellis_2006 Porphyrio_porphyrio 919.3 13.31 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Gallinula_mortierii 954.4 11.47 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No Yes vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Porphyrio_hochstetteri 2758.3 24.79 Diurnal temperate No No Yes Yes Yes vegetarian McNab_Ellis_2006 Turnix_suscitator 58.1 1.39 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_etal_1993 Haematopus_ostralegus 554 10.48 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kersten_Piersma_1987 Pluvialis_apricaria 151 4.47 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Daan_etal_1990 Pluvialis_squatorola 226 6.41 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Kersten_Piersma_1987 Charadrius_dubius 36 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Thinocorus_rumicivorus 55.5 1.12 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Ehlers_Morton_1982 Jacana_jacana 107 3.62 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Scolopax_minor 156.7 3.85 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Vander_Haegen_etal_1994 Scolopax_rusticola 430 7.78 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Arenaria_interpres 90 3.32 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Kersten_Piersma_1987 Calidris_canutus 130 3.17 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Piersma_etal_1995 Tringa_ochropus 90 3.32 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Limosa_lapponica 240 5.47 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Daan_etal_1990 Rhodostethia_rosea 155 3.83 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Gavrilov_1996 Rissa_tridactyla 305 9.88 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Larus_ridibundus 306 6.7 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Larus_canus 431 8.1 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Larus_argentatus 924 17.83 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Stercorarius_parasiticus 351 8.29 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Sterocrarius_skua 1159 22.42 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Alle_alle 152.5 7.4 Diurnal_Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Gabrielsen_etal_1991 Fratercula_arctica 329 9.25 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Cepphus_grille 342.2 10.92 Diurnal_Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Gabrielsen_etal_1991 Alca_torda 589 12.96 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Uria_aalge 771 16.25 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Uria_lomvia 819 18.25 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Bryant_Furness_1995 Pterocles_orientalis 386.4 7.01 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Hinsley_etal_1993 Oena_capensis 36 0.88 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No NA No No No vegetarian Schleucher_2001 Geopelia_cuneata 39 0.96 Nocturnal temperate_tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Columbina_inca 41.5 0.94 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian MacMillen_Trost_1967 Columbina_talpacoti 45.7 1.49 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Geopelia_placida 52 1.28 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Gallicolumba_beccarii 68.8 1.92 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Geophaps_plumifera 81 1.52 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Withers_Williams_1990 Zenaida_macroura 91.4 2.33 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Hudson_Brush_1964 Geotrygon_montana 107.3 2.43 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Streptopelia_senegalensis 108 3.05 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Chalcophaps_indica 124 2.85 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Leptotila_verreauxi 131 3.19 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Vleck_Vleck_1979 Streptopelia_turtur 154 4.1 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Streptopelia_decaocto 170 3.42 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Daan_etal_1990 Ocyphaps_lophotes 187 3.91 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Phaps_elegans 190 4.46 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Geophaps_smithii 198 3.14 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Columba_leucocephala 251.9 4.84 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Phaps_histrionica 257 4.67 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Phaps_chalcoptera 304 5.5 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Columba_livia 368 5.97 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Columba_leucomela 456 8.77 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Columba_vitiensis 467.9 5.2 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Leucosarcia_melanoleuca 468 6.02 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Caloenas_nicobarica 613 6.53 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Goura_cristata 2313.4 15.36 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ptilinopus_melanospila 98 1.76 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_Withers_2002 Ptilinopus_superbus 120.4 2.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Schleucher_2002 Ptilinopus_perlatus 196 3.82 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Drepanoptila_holosericea 198 2.97 Nocturnal tropical Yes No Yes No No vegetarian Schluecher_2002 Gymnophaps_albertisii 241.6 3.4 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_pacifica 333.4 2.86 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_radiata 333.6 5.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_rufigaster 376.7 4.58 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_pistrinaria 394.2 3.86 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_rubricera 418.8 4.91 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Hemiphaga_novaeseelandiae 435.6 6.78 Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_spilorrhoa 453.6 4.94 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_zoeae 456.2 6.13 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Ducula_pinon 583.8 6.41 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2000 Nestor_meridionalis 369.3 7.71 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No No omnivore McNab_Salisbury_1995 Nestor_notabilis 836.9 15.98 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes Yes No vegetarian McNab_Salisbury_1995 Nymphicus_hollandicus 85.6 2.48 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1997 Cacatua_roseicapilla 268.7 4.5 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Calyptorhynchus_banksii 535.3 10.68 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Cacatua_tenuirostris 549.9 11.4 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Cacatua_galerita 776.1 12.3 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Trichoglossus_haematodous 137.1 4.3 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Loriculus_galgulus 27 1.86 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Melopsittacus_undulatus 33.7 1.33 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_Schoenbaechler_1976 Neopsephotus_bourkii 40 1.94 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Neophema_pulchella 40 2.09 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Agapornis_roseicollis 48.1 1.67 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Neophema_petrophila 48.4 2.28 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Cyanorhamphus_auriceps 52.9 1.77 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_Salisbury_1995 Cyanorhamphus_novaezelandiae 56.1 2.24 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_Salisbury_1995 Agapornis_fischeri 56.7 1.9 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Brotogeris_jugularis 63.5 2.07 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Myiopsitta_monachus 80.4 1.89 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_Caccamise_1978 Cyanorhamphus_unicolor 129.4 3.89 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No No Yes No No vegetarian McNab_Salisbury_1995 Barnardius_zonarius 131.8 2.85 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Williams_etal_1991 Opisthocomus_hoazin 598 5.76 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Grajal_1991 Cuculus_canorus 111.6 3.02 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Eudynamys_scolopacea 188 5.92 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No NA No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Centropus_senegalensis 175 5.43 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Geococcyx_californicus 294.6 4.55 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Ohmart_Lasiewski_1971 Tyto_alba 533.2 6.46 Diurnal temperate_tropical No No No No No carnivore Edwards_1987 Tyto_tenebricosa 770 10.36 Diurnal tropical No No No No No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Otus_scops 78.9 1.7 Diurnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Otus_trichopsis 99.8 1.5 Diurnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Ligon_1969 Otus_asio 165.5 2.16 Diurnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Ligon_1969 Strix_occidentalis 571 9.63 Diurnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Ganey_etal_1993 Bubo_virginianus 1000 15.62 Diurnal temperate_tropical No No No No No carnivore Ganey_etal_1993 Nyctea_scandiaca 2026 11.84 Diurnal polar No Yes No No No carnivore Gessaman_1972 Micrathene_whitneyi 45 0.91 Diurnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Ligon_1968 Glaucidium_gnoma 52 1.67 Diurnal temperate_tropical No No No Yes No carnivore Ligon_1969 Aegolius_acadicus 118.1 2.25 Diurnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Ligon_1969 Aegolius_funereus 130 4.07 Diurnal temperate No No No Yes No carnivore Hohtola_etal_1994 Athene_cunicularia 146.7 2.8 Diurnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Coulombe_1970 Ninox_theomacha 151.4 3.77 Diurnal tropical No No No No No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Uroglaux_dimorpha 245.3 5.27 Diurnal tropical No No No No No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Asio_otus 252 3.43 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Wijnandts_1984 Podargus_ocellatus 145 2.04 Diurnal tropical NA No No No No carnivore Lasiewski_etal_1970 Podargus_papuensis 314.6 3.85 Diurnal tropical NA No No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Podargus_strigoides 380.3 3.72 Diurnal temperate_tropical Yes No No No No carnivore Bech_Nichol_1999 Chordeilus_minor 72 1.59 Diurnal temperate Yes Yes No No No carnivore Lasiewski_Dawson_1964 Eurostopodus_argus 88 1.47 Diurnal temperate_tropical NA No No No No carnivore Dawson_Fisher_1969 Eurostopodus_mystacalis 162 1.73 Diurnal temperate_tropical NA NA No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Phalaenoptilus_nuttalli 40 0.64 Diurnal temperate NA NA No No No carnivore Bartholomew_etal_1962 Caprimulgus_macrurus 68.6 1.12 Diurnal tropical NA No No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Collocalia_esculenta 6.8 0.29 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Collocalia_vanikorensis 11.6 0.43 Nocturnal tropical NA No No No No carnivore McNab_Bonaccorso_1995 Apus_apus 44.9 1.57 Nocturnal temperate Yes Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sephanoides_sephanoides 5.7 0.37 Nocturnal temperate Yes Yes No No No vegetarian Lopez_Calleja_Bozinovic_1995 Oreotrochilus_estella 8.4 0.69 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian Carpenter_1976 Patagona_gigas 19.1 1.03 Nocturnal tropical Yes NA No Yes No vegetarian Lasiewski_etal_1967 Colius_colius 35.1 0.64 Nocturnal temperate Yes No No No No vegetarian McKechnie_Lovegrove_2001b Colius_striatus 51 0.85 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian McKechnie_Lovegrove_2001a Urocolius_macrourus 51.3 0.86 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_1988 Colius_castanotus 69 1.66 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_etal_1981 Alcedo_atthis 34.3 1.36 Nocturnal temperate_tropical NA No No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Dacelo_novaeguineae 336 4.02 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No carnivore Buttemer_etal_2003 Chloroceryle_aenea 11.8 0.63 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Todus_mexicanus 6.3 0.41 Nocturnal tropical Yes No Yes No No carnivore Merola_Zwartjes_Ligon_2000 Momotus_momota 102.4 1.77 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Merops_viridis 33.8 1.07 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Bryant_etal_1984 Upupa_epops 67 1.99 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No NA No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Phoeniculus_purpureus 74.1 1.25 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Boix_Hinzen_Lovegrove_1998 Rhyticeros_plicatus 1781.6 16.33 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2001 Notharchus_macrorhynchos 43.2 1.14 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Aulacorhynchus_sulcatus 131.7 2.44 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Baillonius_bailloni 133 2.53 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2001 Aulacorhynchus_prasinus 174.7 2.99 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Pteroglossus_aracari 200.7 3.2 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Ramphastos_dicolorus 328.9 4.55 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Ramphastos_tucanus 420.3 6.15 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Ramphastos_toco 582 8.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Trachyphonus_darnaudii 36.6 0.79 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2001 Jynx_toquilla 31.8 1.29 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Picoides_pubescens 23.3 1.19 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Liknes_Swanson_1996 Melanerpes_rubricapillus 48.7 1.93 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Celeus_loricatus 83.1 2.47 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Dendrocopus_major 98 3.22 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Pitta_versicolor 83.1 2.04 Diurnal_Nocturnal temperate_tropical No Yes No No No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Lepidothrix_coronata 9.2 0.54 Nocturnal tropical NA No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Pipra_mentalis 12.3 0.7 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No omnivore Bartholomew_etal_1983 Manacus_vitellinus 15.5 0.84 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No No No omnivore Bartholomew_etal_1983 Chiroxiphia_lanceolata 18.4 1.22 NA tropical NA No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Phytotoma_rara 41.6 2.06 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Rezende_etal_2001 Todirostrum_cinereum 7.3 0.61 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Mionectes_oleagineus 10.3 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Camptostoma_obsoletum 12.5 0.95 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Cnipodectes_subbrunneus 20.5 0.99 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Rhynchocyclus_olivaceus 21 1.08 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Empidonax_virescens 12.3 0.64 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Contopus_virens 13.9 0.93 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Sayornis_phoebe 21.6 1.24 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Myiarchus_crinitus 33.9 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Tyrannus_tyrannus 35.7 1.57 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Tyrannus_melancholicus 38 1.31 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Myiodynastes_maculatus 41 2.12 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Xenops_minutus 9.9 0.82 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Glyphorynchus_spirurus 13.5 0.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Dendrocincla_fuliginosa 39 1.77 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Xiphorhynchus_guttatus 45.2 1.61 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Vleck_Vleck_1979 Myrmotherula_axillaris 9.6 0.78 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Cercomacra_tyrannina 15.4 0.68 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Hylophylax_naevioides 16.1 0.86 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thamnophilus_atrinuchs 20.5 1.01 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thamnophilus_punctatus 21 1.24 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Vleck_Vleck_1979 Thamnophilus_doliatus 26.2 1.03 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Mymeciza_longipes 27.4 1.17 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiesma_etal_2007 Gymnopithys_bicolor 27.7 1.2 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiesma_etal_2007 Myrmeciza_exsul 28.3 1.04 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiesma_etal_2007 Lichmera_indistincta 10.1 0.76 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Vitali_etal_1999 Melithreptus_lunatus 14.3 0.9 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Vitali_etal_1999 Phylidonyris_melanops 18.8 1.05 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Vitali_etal_1999 Ptiloprora_guisei 20.7 1.05 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Lichenostomus_virescens 25 1.07 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Collins_etal_1980 Melipotes_fumigatus 57.1 2.44 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Melidectes_rufocrissalis 62.8 2.8 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Philemon_buceroides 140.5 5.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Bonaccorso_McNab_pers_obs Prosthemadera_novaeseelandiae 144.2 3.98 Diurnal temperate No No Yes No No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Sericornis_perspicillatus 8.8 0.78 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Sericornis_papuensis 10.4 0.66 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Sericornis_frontalis 11 0.66 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No carnivore Ambrose_Bradshaw_1988 Crateroscelis_nigrorufa 14.6 0.74 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Sericornis_nouhuysi 16.6 1.01 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Crateroscelis_robusta 17.3 0.91 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Ifrita_kowaldi 28.9 1.13 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Rhipidura_albolimbata 9.7 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Rhipidura_atra 11 1.11 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Macheirhamphus_nigripectes 9.7 0.83 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Monarchus_axillaris 17.5 1.81 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Microeca_papuanus 12.5 1.11 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Peneothello_sigillatus 21.6 1.12 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Peneothello_cyanus 23.8 1.26 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Poecilodryas_albonotata 36.4 1.62 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Eulacestoma_nigropectus 19.9 1.24 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Pachycephala_schlegelii 22.6 1 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Pachycephala_soror 23.3 1.31 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Pachycephala_rufinucha 38.6 1.5 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Pitohui_nigrescens 70.5 2.27 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Toxorhamphus_poliopterus 13.2 0.69 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Melanocharis_versteri 13.6 0.88 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Oreocharis_arfaki 22.3 1.16 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Paramythia_montium 40.3 1.5 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Lanius_collurio 27 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Lanius_excubitor 72.4 3.68 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Oriolus_oriolus 64.9 2.34 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Cyanocitta_cristata 80.8 3 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Misch_1960 Nucifraga_caryocatactes 147 4.85 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Pica_nuttalli 151.9 5.28 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Hayworth_Weathers_1984 Garrulus_glandarius 153 4.99 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Pica_pica 158.9 4.31 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Hayworth_Weathers_1984 Corvus_monedula 188 6.19 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Daan_etal_1990 Pyrrhocorax_graculus 206.4 6.17 Nocturnal temperate No No No Yes No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Corvus_frugilegus 390 9.42 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Corvus_corone 518 11.93 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Corvus_ruficollis 660 12.23 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Corvus_corax 1203 19.8 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Artamus_maximus 60 1.99 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore McNab_pers_obs Cnemophilus_loriae 78.1 2.38 Diurnal_NocturnalYes tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_2005 Cnemophilus_macgregori 89 2.68 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Cicinnurus_regius 54 2.1 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Lophorina_superba 74.6 2.6 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Diphyllodes_magnificus 82.3 2.84 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Parotia_lawesi 144.9 4.13 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2005 Astrapia_stephaniae 148.2 5.8 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_2005 Paradisaea_rudolphi 156.1 5.48 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Parotia_wahnesi 164.2 4.64 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2005 Phonygammus_keraudrenii 170.7 4.31 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2005 Manucodia_chalybata 177.2 4.94 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian McNab_2005 Ptiloris_magnificus 179.4 5.4 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Epimachus_meyeri 202.7 6.63 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_2005 Paradisaea_raggiana 215.7 6.75 Diurnal_Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore McNab_2005 Bombycilla_garrulus 72.5 3.43 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Parus_caeruleus 9.6 0.6 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Lindström_Kvist_1995 Poecile_atricapillus 10.3 0.91 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Rising_Hudson_1974 Parus_ater 10.8 0.85 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Parus_montanus 11.6 0.99 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Reinertsen_Haftorn_1986 Parus_major 16.5 1.26 Nocturnal temperate Yes NA No No No omnivore Reinertsen_Haftorn_1986 Tachycineta_albilinea 11.7 0.9 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Stegidopteryx_ruficollis 11.9 0.57 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Riparia_riparia 13.6 0.84 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Hirundo_tahitica 14.1 0.64 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Bryant_etal_1984 Tachycineta_bicolor 16.4 1.03 Nocturnal tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Delichon_urbica 18 0.46 Nocturnal temperate Yes Yes No No No carnivore Prinzinger_Hänssler_1980 Hirundo_rustica 18.4 1.08 Nocturnal temperate Yes Yes No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Progne_chalybea 34.9 1.68 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Psaltriparus_minimus 5.5 0.46 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Chaplin_1982 Aegithalos_caudatus 8.9 0.72 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Eremalauda_dunni 20.6 1 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Tieleman_etal_2002 Lullula_arborea 25.5 2.06 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Tieleman_etal_2002 Eremophila_alpestris 26 1.19 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Trost_1972 Certhilauda_erythrochlamys 27.3 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Williams_1999 Alauda_arvensis 31.7 2.6 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Tieleman_etal_2002 Alaemon_alaudipes 37.7 1.54 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Tieleman_etal_2002 Phyllastrephus_hypochloris 18.9 0.95 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No carnivore Seavy_McNab_2007 Andropodus_curvirostris 23 1.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Seavy_McNab_2007 Andropodus_virens 24.2 1.19 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Seavy_McNab_2007 Andropodus_latirostris 26.6 1.3 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Seavy_McNab_2007 Pycnonotus_barbatus 40.3 1.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Seavy_McNab_2007 Acrocephalus_palustris 10.8 0.73 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Acrocephalus_schoenobaenus 11.5 0.78 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Hippolais_icterina 12.5 1.69 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phylloscopus_collybita 8.2 0.59 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phylloscopus_sibilatrix 9.2 0.63 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phylloscopus_trochilus 10.7 0.75 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sylvia_curruca 10.6 0.72 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sylvia_nisoria 21.3 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sylvia_atricapilla 21.9 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sylvia_borin 24.8 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Zosterops_lateralis 11.8 0.58 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Maddocks_Geiser_1997 Regulus_regulus 5.5 0.66 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Troglodytes_troglodytes 8.9 0.6 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Lindström_Kvist_1995 Troglodytes_aedon 10.2 0.75 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Troglodytes_musculus 13.3 0.76 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thryothorus_ludovicianus 14.9 1.29 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No carnivore Eberhardt_1994 Thryothorus_leucotis 18 0.76 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thryothorus_rufalbus 22.6 1.07 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thryothorus_fasciatoventris 27.2 1.12 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Sitta_carolinesis 18.3 1.04 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Liknes_Swanson_1996 Sturnus_vulgaris 75 3.16 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Sialia_mexicana 27.5 1.52 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Mock_1991 Turdus_iliacus 58 2.6 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Turdus_migratorius 62.4 2.74 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Wiermsa_etal_2007 Turdus_philomelos 62.8 2.61 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Turdus_poliocephalus 66.1 2.56 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore McNab_pers_obs Turdus_grayi 77.9 2.44 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Turdus_merula 82.6 3.34 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Turdus_viscivorus 108.2 3.97 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phoenicurus_phoenicurus 13 0.84 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Phoenicurus_ochruros 13.8 0.87 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Saxicola_rubetra 14.3 0.87 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Tarsiger_cyanurus 14.8 0.85 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No Yes No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Saxicola_torquata 16.5 0.92 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No carnivore Klaassen_1995 Erithacus_rubecula 17.6 1.01 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Luscinia_svecica 20.8 1.29 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No Yes No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Mimus_polyglottus 44.2 2.44 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Mimus_gilvus 68.9 2.66 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Ficedula_hypoleuca 11.7 0.84 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Muscicapa_striata 14.4 0.89 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Aethopyga_christinae 5.2 0.48 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cinnyris_minimus 5.5 0.42 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Cinnyris_bifiscatus 6.2 0.33 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cinnyris_reichenowi 6.7 0.51 Nocturnal tropical No NA No Yes No omnivore Seavy_2006 Cinnyris_chloropygius 6.8 0.5 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Aethopyga_siparaja 6.8 0.53 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cinnyris_venustus 7.1 0.5 Nocturnal tropical No NA No Yes No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Hedydipna_collaris 8.3 0.61 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cyanomitra_veroxii 8.4 0.48 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Cinnyris_cupreus 9 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Chalcomitra_adelberti 9.5 0.63 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Chalcomitra_amethystina 10 0.63 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Chalcomitra_rubescens 10 0.66 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Chalcomitra_obscura 11.2 0.72 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Anthreptes_orientalis 11.8 0.55 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Nectarinia_tacazze 13.5 0.88 Nocturnal tropical Yes No No Yes No omnivore Prinzinger_etal_1989 Chalcomitra_senegalensis 13.7 0.86 Nocturnal tropical No NA No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Cyanomitra_verticalis 14.1 0.9 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Cyanomitra_cyanolema 15.8 0.98 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Seavy_2006 Nectarinia_kilimensis 16.2 0.94 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No omnivore Seavy_2006 Erythrura_trichroa 15.1 0.86 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Oreostruthus_fuliginosus 16 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No Yes No vegetarian McNab_pers_obs Passer_montanus 22.3 1.46 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Passer_domesticus 23 1.32 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Estrilda_melpoda 7.5 0.47 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Marschall_Prinzinger_1991 Estrilda_troglodytes 7.5 0.54 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Uraeginthus_bengalis 9.2 0.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Chloebia_gouldiae 15.5 0.78 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Marschall_Prinzinger_1991 Amadina_fasciata 17.2 0.77 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Marschall_Prinzinger_1991 Amadina_erythrocephala 21.7 0.76 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore McKechnie_Lovegrove_2003 Taeniopygia_guttata 11.7 0.74 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No omnivore Calder_1964 Lonchura_fuscans 9.5 0.36 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_1977 Lonchura_striata 10.3 0.77 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Lonchura_cucullata 10.6 0.39 Nocturnal temperate_tropical No No No No No vegetarian Lovegrove_Smith_2003 Lonchura_oryzivora 25.4 1.11 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Marschell_Prinzinger_1991 Prunella_modularis 16.8 1.17 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Motacilla_flava 14.7 0.93 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Motacilla_alba 18 1.08 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Anthus_pratensis 18.9 1.08 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Anthus_trivalis 19.7 1.22 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Anthus_campestris 21.8 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Fringilla_coelebs 21 1.34 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Fringilla_montifringilla 21 1.38 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carduelis_tristis 12.8 1.09 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Dawson_Carey_1976 Carduelis_spinus 14 1.05 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carduelis_flammea 14.7 1.25 Nocturnal polar No Yes No No No vegetarian Reinertsen_Haftorn_1986 Carduelis_carduelis 16.5 1.25 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carduelis_cannabina 16.9 1.22 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carpodacus_mexicanus 20.4 1.12 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Weathers_1981 Carpodacus_erythrinus 21.2 1.33 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Carpodacus_cassinii 27.4 1.22 Nocturnal temperate No NA No Yes No vegetarian Weathers_1981 Carduelis_chloris 28.2 1.71 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Loxia_leucoptera 29.8 1.67 Nocturnal temperate No NA No Yes No vegetarian Dawson_Tordoff_1964 Pyrrhula_pyrrhula 30.4 1.99 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Loxia_curvirostra 39.4 2.16 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Coccothraustes_coccothraustes 48.3 2.51 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Kendeigh_etal_1977 Loxia_pytyopsittacus 53.7 2.87 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Coccothraustes_vespertina 54.5 2.71 Nocturnal temperate No NA No Yes No vegetarian West_Hart_1966 Pinicola_enucleator 78.4 3.91 Nocturnal temperate No NA No Yes No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Himatione_sanguinea 13.5 1.08 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian Weathers_etal_1983 Telespiza_cantans 31.6 1.53 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No omnivore Weathers_van_Riper_1982 Loxioides_bailleui 34.8 1.61 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian Weathers_van_Riper_1982 Vireo_flavoviridis 15.9 1.01 Nocturnal tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Vireo_olivaceus 16.2 0.86 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Vermivora_pinus 7.8 0.54 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_palmarum 9.8 0.56 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_dominica 9.8 0.58 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_coronata 11.5 0.68 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_pinus 12 0.64 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Dendroica_petechia 12.2 0.5 Nocturnal tropical No Yes No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Protonotaria_citrea 12.8 0.72 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Seiurus_novaeboracensis 18.7 1.01 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Seiurus_aurocapillus 19 0.87 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Yarbrough_1971 Icterus_bullocki 34 1.81 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Rising_1969 Icterus_galbula 34 1.81 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Rising_1969 Sturnella_militaris 38.2 1.59 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No carnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Agelaius_phoeniceus 43.1 1.74 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Weathers_1981 Quiscalus_quiscula 92.2 3.56 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Quiscalus_mexicanus 137.3 4.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Coereba_flaveola 10 0.77 Nocturnal tropical No No Yes No No vegetarian Merola_Zwartjes_1998 Cyanerpes_cyaneus 13.5 0.98 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Euphonia_laniirostris 13.5 1.06 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Tanagra_larvata 16.2 0.85 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Rhamphocelus_dimidiatus 26.4 1.32 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thraupis_episcopus 30.4 1.44 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Eucometis_penicillata 30.7 1.42 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Rhamphocelus_flammingerus 32 1.5 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Thraupis_palmarum 32.6 1.42 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Habia_fuscicauda 40 1.28 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Sporophila_americana 10.2 0.71 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Amphispiza_bilineata 11.6 0.71 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No omnivore Weathers_1981 Spizella_passerina 11.9 0.7 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Oryzoborus_angolensis 12.3 0.72 Nocturnal tropical No Yes No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Ammodramus_savannarum 13.8 0.64 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Melospiza_georgiana 14.9 0.76 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Passerculus_sandwichensis 15.9 0.8 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Williams_Hansell_1981 Emberiza_schoeniclus 17.6 1.08 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Kendeigh_etal_1977 Melospiza_melodia 19.1 0.9 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Zonotrichia_albicollis 20.2 1 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Yarbrough_1971 Pooectes_gramineus 21.5 0.98 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Emberiza_hortulana 24.3 1.5 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No carnivore Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Zonotrichia_leucophrys 26.1 1.21 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No vegetarian Yarbrough_1971 Emberiza_citrinella 26.8 1.57 Nocturnal temperate No NA No No No vegetarian Gavrilov_Dolnik_1985 Zonotrichia_querula 33.3 1.77 Nocturnal temperate No Yes No No No omnivore Yarbrough_1971 Arremonops_conirostris 39.7 1.63 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Cyanocompsa_cyanoides 27.9 1.35 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Wiersma_etal_2007 Cardinalis_sinuatus 32 1.41 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Hinds_Calder_1973 Saltator_orenocensis 32.7 1.13 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Bosque_etal_1999 Cardinalis_cardinalis 41 1.81 Nocturnal temperate No No No No No omnivore Hinds_Calder_1973 Saltator_striatipectus 42.1 1.83 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Saltator_maximus 44.8 1.97 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No omnivore Wiersma_etal_2007 Saltator_coerulescens 47 1.4 Nocturnal tropical No No No No No vegetarian Bosque_etal_1999